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In the early 1700s, Isaac Newton published a book called "Principia", which laid down a theoretical framework for how gravity works. In this book, Newton proposed three laws of motion: the law of inertia, the law of universal gravitation and the law of action-reaction. He also introduced his universal theory of gravitation in which he defined mass as being caused by resistance to acceleration (this is known as Newton's first Law). Newton's new work provided scientists with a model that created more understanding on some questions such as how objects fall and stay in place on earth. It was used to predict what new motions would be observed if there were new satellites launched into orbit. These were the first steps in modern science - one which led to many discoveries and inventions. After Newton, scientists began to unlock the secrets of motion and motion under gravity. What Newton really did was define motion as an action-reaction type of motion. His three laws of motion (force equals mass times acceleration) described this type of motion. Satellites and space travel: Researchers found several satellites launched into orbit that displayed a surprising movement that could not be explained by Newton's laws – or any other set of rules that had been published before – according to "New Scientist". For example, in 1986, two satellites launched from Earth sent back pictures showing a satellite moving backwards, towards its launch site. In his book, "The End of Science," John Horgan points out that a satellite orbiting a planet was a very big deal in the day when the earth was still considered a planet. As a result, many publications have been written about this event and its implications. Scientific cosmology: Newton's universal theory of gravitation describes the forces that cause an object to fall to Earth due to gravity. In 1931, Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity. Einstein called his new theory "relativity" because it could be used to describe motion occurring everywhere in the universe, not just on Earth. From this theory came the idea that there is no absolute space or time - only an observer's point of view. Physics: In 1929, an Indian physicist named Satyendranath Bose described a unique state of matter called a Bose-Einstein condensate. This condensate is a gas in which all the particles have been cooled to almost the same temperature. They are so close together that they interact very little with each other - to the point where they form one single entity. In 1995, Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman created this condensate in a laboratory setting, which lead to an understanding of quantum mechanics. General relativity: George Gamow used general relativity in his work on stellar structure. He submitted two papers to the journal Physical Review in 1947. One was "The origin of synthetic radio emission in stars" and the other was "The structure of the Milky Way Galaxy." Quantum mechanics: Max Planck's theory of quantum physics describes how all matter can be broken down into waves. The theory also predicts that energy is only distributed when particles are in their atomic state. Five years later, Erwin Schrödinger proposed his interpretation of quantum physics, which was called wave mechanics by Schrödinger. eccc085e13
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